The rule of law has its origins in organized religion, Fukuyama added, which created a set of rules with a legitimacy independent from that of the state. The Rule of Law: The rule of law limits the power of government by establishing accepted rules of justice, which are higher than any individual who currently holds political power.Yet even in China, kinship-based power relations tended to reassert themselves in periods of political decay, added Fukuyama, because humans have a natural instinct to favor relatives. China was the first society to create a rational meritocratic bureaucracy by implementing civil service examinations and appointing outside governors without local tribal ties. A modern state concentrates and deploys power to enforce rules on an impersonal basis. The State: State building is characterized by the struggle of politics to rise beyond family ties and create a neutral system, explained Fukuyama.Political development consists of three institutional domains, which do not necessarily evolve in parallel with one another. Although political development is affected by economic development, the two should be understood as separate arenas, Fukuyama argued.
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